Aluminium txav hla ciam teb raws li ingot, billet, slab, extrusion, ntawv thiab ntawv ci, thiab txhua tus ntawm cov ntawv no yog nws tus kheej daim ntawv cog lus, cov nqi siv thiab kev lis kev cai. Rau cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom, cov lus nug zoo tsis yog tus nqi hlau ib leeg, tab sis yuav ua li cas cov nqe lus xa khoom, cov cai hauv tsev rau khoom, kev faib cov lej thiab cov dej num raug muab tso rau hauv tus nqi tsaws. Kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau pawg neeg yuav khoom sib piv cov lus sib npaug thiab zam kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas tsuas yog ntog tom qab lub nkoj tau caij nkoj.
Incoterms 2020 thiab Allocation of Risk
Cov kev cai Incoterms 2020 luam tawm los ntawm International Chamber of Commerce tseem yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus rau kev cog lus ntawm txhuas export, thiab lub sij hawm xaiv txiav txim siab qhov twg tus nqi thiab kev pheej hmoo hloov ntawm tus neeg muag khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom.
FOB (Free On Board)- tus neeg muag khoom xa tuaj rau ntawm lub nkoj ntawm lub npe chaw nres nkoj ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab kev pheej hmoo hla ntawm qhov ntawd; dav siv rau bulk ingot thiab billet shipping qhov twg tus neeg yuav khoom tswj freight.
CIF (Tus Nqi, Insurance thiab Freight)- tus neeg muag khoom npaj cov tsheb thauj mus los thiab yam tsawg kawg nkaus - them nyiaj tuav pov hwm marine rau qhov chaw nres nkoj, uas haum rau siab - tus nqi coil thiab foil nug qhov twg tus neeg yuav khoom xav tau ib daim duab tsaws.
CFR- tib yam li CIF yam tsis muaj kev tuav pov hwm lub luag haujlwm, yog li tus neeg yuav khoom pov hwm cov khoom thauj.
EXW (Ex Works)- tus neeg yuav khoom sau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab nqa yuav luag txhua tus nqi thiab kev pheej hmoo; nquag siv rau cov qauv, cuab yeej thiab rov ua dua cov neeg siv khoom nrog lawv tus kheej xa mus.
DAP thiab DDP- tus neeg muag khoom xa mus rau qhov chaw uas muaj npe, thiab DDP ntxiv kev tshem tawm thiab lub luag haujlwm, hloov lub luag haujlwm feem ntau rau tus neeg muag khoom.
Ob clauses tsim nyog tau sau meej meej. Lub zog majeure clause yuav tsum npog smelter fais fab cuam tshuam, chaw nres nkoj congestion, export daim ntawv tso cai hloov pauv thiab thauj embargo, nrog rau lub sij hawm ceeb toom thiab kho. Cov nqe lus hloov kho tus nqi yuav tsum tau hais txog lub sijhawm hais lus, tus nqi siv tus nqi thiab kev kho tus nqi thiab cov nyiaj cheb, kom daim ntawv cog lus kos npe hauv ib lub hlis tsis tuaj yeem rov qhib dua los ntawm kev ua lag luam txav mus tom ntej.
Txuas Daim Ntawv Cog Lus rau LME Benchmark
Feem ntau cov ntawv cog lus muab sau ua tus nqi piv nrog rau tus nqi them lub cev. Tus qauv ntsuas yog ib txwm yog London Hlau Txauv cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis tus nqi them rau cov ntawv cog lus muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog txhuas, nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm hais lus pom zoo, thaum tus nqi them nqi xa khoom, ntim khoom, nyiaj txiag thiab nyiaj tshuav hauv cheeb tsam. Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tseem ceeb: tus nqi LME twg, hnub twg, qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub lossis txhua hli, thiab yuav ua li cas thaum lub khw raug kaw rau hnub so. Yog tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus no ib qhov dej zoo -muab hom phiaj tsim cov lus sib cav es tsis txhob sib hais.
LME Warehouse Policy thiab Kev xa tawm lub cev
Pom zoo warehouses ua hauj lwm raws li cov kev cai tsim los kom cov hlau dawb muaj nyob rau hauv es tsis muab xauv rau hauv ntev nyiaj txiag chains.
Kev thauj khoom - tawm tus nqi- Lub tsev khaws khoom yuav tsum xa tawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tonnage txhua hnub, uas npog cov kab ib qhov chaw tuaj yeem tsim.
Xauv thiab khaws cia- Cov nqi xauj tsev tau txais txhua hnub txij hnub tom qab daim ntawv tso cai tawm mus txog rau thaum cov hlau raug rho tawm, yog li ntawd ntev cia ntsiag to hloov kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam.
Warrants- daim ntawv cog lus yog daim ntawv teev npe; kev hloov pauv tswv cuab los ntawm kev pom zoo thiab xa daim ntawv lees paub tsis yog los ntawm kev txav cov hlau.
Cov npe- cov chaw tsis khoom xws li Rotterdam muaj keeb kwm pom kev thauj khoom ntawm ib hlis lossis ntau dua, thiab cov nqi lag luam uas ncua los ntawm tus nqi them nqi.
Qhov chaw them nqi- daim ntawv lees paub hauv ib cheeb tsam tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv nrog daim ntawv lees paub hauv lwm qhov, yog li cov khoom siv hauv cheeb tsam thiab kev thov tsis sib xws tshwm sim ncaj qha rau tus nqi.
Qhov cuam tshuam rau tus neeg tsim khoom yog qhov yooj yim: LME tus nqi ntxiv rau tus nqi tsuas yog sib piv ntawm kev muab yog tias ob leeg muab lub npe tib qhov chaw xa khoom thiab tib yam kev tshem tawm.
Harmonized System Codes rau cov khoom siv txhuas
Kev faib tawm ntawm kev lis kev cai txiav txim siab tus nqi se, daim ntawv tso cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais, thiab aluminium spans ob peb nqe lus nyob ntawm daim ntawv thiab txheej txheem.
| Yam khoom | HS npe | Sau ntawv |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminium tsis muaj | 7601 | Ingots, T-bars, sows thiab lwm yam qauv thawj |
| Bars, rods thiab profiles | 7604 | Extrusion, nrog sub-headings rau hollow profiles |
| Phaj, ntawv thiab strips | 7606 | Pav ca- dov, thickness saum 0.2 hli |
| Ntawv nyiaj | 7607 | Thickness 0.2 hli los yog tsawg dua; 7607.20 npog cov ntawv ci |
| Cov kaus poom thiab cov thawv ntim khoom | 7612.90 | Collapsible tubular ntim thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws |
Kev faib tawm ua raws li lub xeev ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev ntshuam, tsis yog qhov kawg siv, yog li lub phaj uas tau txiav, machined lossis coated tuaj yeem txav mus rau lwm lub taub hau lossis nyiam cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntxiv. Kev faib ua yuam kev yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua rau kev nplua rau kev lis kev cai thiab kev tshem tawm qeeb, uas yog vim li cas cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb, kev tsim cov hlau alloy, kev kub ntxhov thiab qhov ntev yuav tsum tau mus nrog txhua daim ntawv them nqi lag luam.
Regional Premiums thiab Tariff Exposure
Tus nqi them tsis yog ib qho cim tsim los ntawm tus tub luam; nws them rau kev tsiv, khaws cia, pov hwm thiab nyiaj txiag lub cev hlau mus rau ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Tus nqi thauj khoom, kev thauj mus los hauv av, cov khoom muaj nyob hauv, daim ntawv cog lus loj thiab qhov tsis txaus hauv zos txhua qhov txav mus los, thiab alloy- cov nqi tshwj xeeb tshwm sim thaum cov khoom sib xyaw nyuaj rau qhov chaw. Sustainability cov cai tseem tab tom tshwm sim los ua ib qho kev cais, txheeb xyuas tus nqi tsis yog kev thov kev lag luam.
Kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam ntxiv ib txheej thib ob. Cov European Union tau siv los tiv thaiv - cov haujlwm pov tseg ntawm qee qhov txhuas extrusion ntawm Suav keeb kwm, nrog cov nqi tshaj tawm txog li 48 feem pua tom qab nws qhov kev tshawb nrhiav xyoo 2023, thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau tswj hwm Tshooj 232 tariffs ntawm feem ntau txhuas ntshuam ntawm 10 feem pua. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg xa khoom yuav tsum tsim lub luag haujlwm rau tus qauv tus nqi los ntawm thawj cov lus hais, thiab cov neeg xa khoom yuav tsum khaws cov ntaub ntawv tsim khoom, nqi thiab keeb kwm muaj zog txaus los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam kev nug, suav nrog cov pov thawj ntawm kev hloov pauv loj thaum cov khoom lag luam txuas ntxiv hauv peb lub tebchaws. Bonded processing regimes and free zones can defer or txo lub luag hauj lwm qhov twg cov khoom tiav lawm re-exported.
Cov lus nug nquag
Q: Qhov twg Incoterm yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau bulk aluminium ingot exports?
FOB yog qhov kev xaiv ntau tshaj plaws vim tias tus neeg yuav khoom tswj hwm dej hiav txwv freight thiab kev tuav pov hwm thiab kev pheej hmoo hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm kev thauj khoom. CIF haum rau cov neeg yuav khoom uas xav tau ib tus nqi tsaws, thaum EXW tawm yuav luag txhua qhov kev thauj mus los rau tus neeg yuav khoom thiab feem ntau tshwj tseg rau cov neeg siv khoom nrog lawv tus kheej xa khoom.
Q: LME - txuas tus nqi ua haujlwm li cas hauv daim ntawv cog lus muab khoom?
Daim ntawv cog lus kho lub sijhawm hais lus thiab tus nqi siv, feem ntau yog LME tus neeg ua haujlwm lossis tus nqi them rau cov ntawv cog lus muaj feem cuam tshuam, tom qab ntawd ntxiv tus nqi ntawm lub cev rau kev xa khoom, ntim khoom thiab nyiaj txiag. Tus nqi them yog sib tham sib cais thiab tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv cheeb tsam sib npaug txawm tias thaum lub ntsuas ntsuas yog tiaj tus.
Q: LME daim ntawv lees paub yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas nws tseem ceeb?
Daim ntawv lees paub yog daim ntawv pov thawj lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj lub npe rau ntau yam hlau uas ua tau raws li daim ntawv cog lus tshwj xeeb. Cov tswv cuab hloov txhais tes los ntawm kev pom zoo thiab hloov daim ntawv tso cai, thiab tus tuav tau them nqi xauj tsev kom txog thaum cov hlau thauj khoom tawm.
Q: Yuav ua li cas yog aluminium extrusion thiab foil cais rau kev lis kev cai?
Extrusion, suav nrog hollow profiles, feem ntau poob rau hauv HS 7604, thaum tiaj tus- dov phaj, ntawv thiab sawb saum toj no 0.2 hli poob rau hauv 7606 thiab ntawv ci ntawm 0.2 hli los yog tsawg dua nyob rau hauv 7607. Kev faib ua raws li cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ntawm ntshuam es tsis yog cov khoom tiav lawm.
Q: Vim li cas ob txoj kev xa khoom ntawm tib lub alloy nqa cov nqi sib txawv?
Cov nqi them nqi kho mob muaj feem cuam tshuam txog tus nqi xa khoom thiab kev lag luam hauv zos: freight, tuav, cia, nyiaj txiag, warehouse available and short-term regional surplus or shortage. Daim ntawv lees paub hauv ib qhov chaw tsis yog hloov pauv rau daim ntawv lees paub hauv lwm qhov, yog vim li cas qhov chaw xa khoom yuav tsum muaj npe tas li.
